Note: the images still only output 1 image to the email, as they should. It's just a poor user experience for our client to see a bunch of duplicate fields.
I've tried removing all of the code, going line by line in order to resolve this, but to no avail.
If I remove all of the code It shows only those two fields but still duplicated. However, if I remove the export_to_template_context, then they two fields display in the content editor as they should, without the duplicate.
I've been really banging my head on this one. Any help would be appreciated.